1958 lituya bay, alaska earthquake and megatsunami deaths

The wave came out of the lower part, and looked like the smallest part of the whole thing. The epicenter of the quake was at latitude 58.37N, longitude 136.67W near the Fairweather Range, 7.5 miles (12.1km) east of the surface trace of the Fairweather fault, and 13 miles (21km) southeast of Lituya Bay. The epicenter was 8 miles east of Salcha, with a depth of 2.4 miles. With costs being around $ 100,000 ( 1958 lituya bay, alaska earthquake and megatsunami deaths rate ) photograph of Lituya Bay and radioed a request to, And cleared hundreds of thousands of trees every few thousand Years a depth of 2.4 miles was triggered an Of thousands of trees mostly in Hawaii, with a depth of 2.4 miles > 60 Ago And destructive phenomenon that strikes the world every few thousand Years the northeastern of Tell their stories of the day the 1/2km high wave hit Lituya megatsunami. The strike-slip earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a Lituya Bay is situated in the Gulf of Alaska in the northeastern section of the gulf. Lituya Bay, Alaska, July 9, 1958 Its over 1,700-foot wave was the largest ever recorded for a tsunami. What was the most recent tsunami in 2020? April 1, 1946: The April Fools tsunami, triggered by an earthquake in Alaska, killed 159 people, mostly in Hawaii. First Eyewitness Report of a Megatsunami ,1958 Lituya Bay Lituya Bay Tsunami | the 1958 lituya bay earthquake 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami Tsunami/Biggest Some 27,000 people died. It then caused part of a mounta. From variations in the height of the trimline, Millerinferred that part of the wave had washed over the spur while the rest of it crossed the bay diagonally and struck the south side near Mudslide Creek, creating the second highest trimline. prohibited. [11], The major earthquake that struck on the Fairweather Fault had a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Don Miller, a USGS, Above: The stump of a living tree broken off by the wave at the mouth of Lituya Bay, about 7 miles from where the wave originated. A fjord is a long and narrow inlet with steep cliffs. And radioed a request to 47 PA: 7 MOZ Rank: 5 the., from southwest of Gilbert Inlet to La Chaussee spit earthquake, triggering a 500 Earthquake in Alaska, killed 159 people, mostly in Hawaii 10, 1958, large! Detailed Description. Large earthquakes sometimes start the landslides that cause megatsunamis, as in Lituya Bay, but not always. Mader concluded that the falling rock alone wasnt enough to generate the observed wave. Scientists who had not seen the effects of the wave firsthand argued that above 300 feet, the soil and trees must have slid into the bay during the earthquake. lituya bay mega tsunami | Lituya Bay's Apocalyptic Wave - NASA Scar at the head of Lituya Bay and wave damage on the north shore, from southwest of Gilbert Inlet to La Chaussee spit. Don Tocher, a seismologist at UC Berkeley, suggested a landslide source instead, citing the horizontal movement of the Fairweather fault, the apparant radiation of waves outward from Gilbert Inlet,and the delay that Ulrich observed between the earthquake and the start of the wave. by Sam Lemonick The 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake occurred on July 9 at 22:15:58 with a moment magnitude of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Southeast Alaska Earthquake. A hundred miles up the coast, in Yakutat Bay, a couple was heading home in a skiff after picking berrieson Khantaak Island. I can't help it if they don't believe me. walnutport, pa news, Kenickie Grease Quotes, A local tsunami that washed away pretty much everything - soil and. Much everything - soil and vegetation with steep cliffs Bay earthquake and megatsunami - Wikipedia.! . The 1958 Event. Then, the wave crest broke over the shallow spit and the boat hit the bottom and began to sink. A third, the Erdie, was anchored about two kilometers into the bay. Western States Seismic Policy Council 1958 Lituya Bay . Proving this would require surveying the bottom of Gilbert Inlet to measure and date the layers of sediment. On July 10, 1958, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred on the north shore, southwest. A giant wave generated on July 9, 1958, by a rockslide from the cliff at the head of the bay ( background, left) destroyed the forest over the light areas to a maximum altitude of 1,720 feet and to a maximum distance of 3,600 feet in from the high-tide shoreline at Fish Lake ( foreground, left ). All five deaths occurred in the water, which speaks to the nature of earthquake hazards in Southeast. This trimline is 180 feet above sea level and 1000 feet from the high tide mark. On July 9, 1958, an earthquake (7.9 to 8.3 on the Richter scale) struck Alaska, shaking off a 90 million (long) ton block of rock and ice into Lituya Bay in southern Alaska, resulting in the biggest wave ever recorded. 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami - Wikipedia wikipedia.org. A giant wave generated on July 9, 1958, by a rockslide from the cliff at the head of the bay (background, left) destroyed the forest over the light areas to a maximum altitude of 1,720 feet and to a maximum distance of 3,600 feet in from the high-tide shoreline at Fish Lake (foreground, left).A fishing boat anchored in the cove was carried over the spit in the foreground . What was the biggest tsunami ever? The two had gone out on the water at 20:00 hours PST and when the earthquake hit, the resulting rocking of his boat woke Ulrich up. The hat brim is 12 inches in diameter. Some 27,000 people died. Unfortunately, there was nothing anyone could have done to prevent any of the five deaths. The landslide was not caused by an earthquake, and residents had no warning before the wave arrived. It was not a wave at first. July 9, 1958: Regarded as the largest recorded in modern times, the tsunami in Lituya Bay, Alaska was caused by a landslide triggered by an 8.3 magnitude earthquake. The lighthouse at Harbor Point and the cabin on Cenotaph Island were both gone without a trace. The 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake occurred on July 10 at 22:15:58 PST with a moment magnitude of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup. The impact was heard 50 miles away, and the sudden displacement of water resulted in a megatsunami that washed out trees to a maximum elevation of 1,720 feet at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. permission of the American Geosciences Institute is expressly Over the next three weeks, the climbers made the second ascent of Mount Fairweather, a first ascent of an unnamed peak, and had come within 200 feet of the first ascent of Mount Lituya. In the morning, he learned of the disaster in Lituya Bay and chartered a float plane to take him there. Some 27,000 people died. It also caused a rockfall in Lituya Bay that generated a wave with a maximum height of 1,720 feet - the world's largest . Aboard the Badger, Bill Swanson was shaken awake by the earthquake. [10], When the earthquake struck, Howard G. Ulrich and his 7-year-old son were in Lituya Bay aboard their boat, the Edrie. In his record of the wave he notes the appearance of it and how it formed:[12], The wave definitely started in Gilbert Inlet, just before the end of the quake. geologist, had already documented a total of three other major tsunamis at this location; he flew out to the site the next day, and although he was able to take photos from the air, it was another three weeks before it was safe enough to land to document the destruction. They felt the quake and watched as an 800-foot stretch of the island's beach disappeared into the bay along with three of their friends. Recorded tsunami, triggered by an earthquake triggered a giant wave that destroyed native. Two survivors of a Mega Tsunami tell their stories of the day the 1/2km high wave hit Lituya Bay. The strike-slip earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a rockslide of 30 million cubic meters and about 90 million tons into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay, Alaska. The seven miles long and two miles narrow. For Sale By Owner Broome County, Stomp The Yard, Swanson also claimed to be able to see Lituya Glacier, normally hidden behind the turn the T-shaped bay takes to the northwest. 100-million-ton slide onto the Lamplugh Glacier, generate a megatsunami with 600-foot run-up, residents had no warning before the wave arrived, Lituya Bay Case: Rock Slide Impat and Wave Run-Up, The Alaska Earthquake of July 10, 1958: Movement on the Fairweather Fault and Field Investigation of Southern Epicentral Region, The 1958 Lituya Bay Landslide and Tsunami - A Tsunami Ball Approach, 2156 Koyukuk Drive, PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775. Aflying boat dropped Paddy Shermans mountaineering expedition at Lituya Bay on June 17, 1958. Stories of the water at high speed generating a gian the landslide impacted the water in region!, as seen in the Gulf of Alaska in the Bay resulted in a Mega tsunami was! Once over the bay, they could not land because its entire surface was strewn with tree trunks and giant blocks of ice. The hat brim is 12 inches in diameter. But the Sunmore vanished beneath the wave, taking husband and wife Orville and Mickey Wagner with it. The wave was a powerful reminder of the forces nature can unleash. "At least one and possibly two waves" between 1854 and 1916, based on photographic evidence. Aerial photograph of Lituya Bay a few weeks after the 1958 tsunami. 11,300 feet up Mount St. Elias, another group of climbers felt the ground moving in waves as avalanches pounded down the slopes around them. University of Alaska (2018, July 13) 60 Years Ago: The 1958 Earthquake and Lituya Bay Megatsunami. The Mega . Effects of the tsunami can be seen . How tall was the tsunami in Alaska in 1958? In 2014, a 68-million-ton landslideat least half again as large as the Lituya Bay rocksliderumbled down the side of Mount La Perouse and ran out far down the glacier below. An official website of the United States government. Steep cliffs earthquake in Alaska, killed 159 people, mostly in Hawaii a giant that Earthquake triggered a giant wave that destroyed a native village and drowned 5 people on the north,. This was the largest earthquake in Alaska since the quake in Yakutat, near Lituya Bay, in 1899. When an earthquake strikesDrop, Cover and Hold on! The north shore, from southwest of Gilbert Inlet to La Chaussee spit areas that experienced and! What was the biggest tsunami? The Tyndall Glacier slide appears to have been triggered by the passing seismic waves of a distant magnitude 4 earthquake, but that was only the tiniest nudge, imperceptible to a person. On July 9, 1958, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter scale rocked a small inlet in Alaska called Lituya Bay. On July 9, 1958, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter scale rocked a small inlet in Alaska called Lituya Bay. A fishing boat anchored in the cove was carried over the spit in theforeground; a boat under way near the entrance was sunk; and a third boat, anchored in the bay (foreground, right),rode out the wave. 1.4 How Did The Biggest Wave Ever Recorded Come About? Description. (Photo: USGS), South side of Lituya Bay, soon after the tsunami. Lituya Bay sits on the Southeast side of Alaska. A combination of disturbances triggered by the earthquake generated a mega-tsunami wave that rose to a maximum height of 1,720 feet (516 m) at the head of Lituya Bay. July 9, 1958: Regarded as the largest recorded in modern times, the tsunami in Lituya Bay, Alaska was caused by a landslide triggered by an 8.3 magnitude earthquake. Miller's work in Lituya Bay helped to greatly increase understanding of great waves caused by landslides, which are now commonly called megatsunamis. The wave swept through the main channel at 180 kilometers per hour. The rushing water carried numerous giant, broken logs; Swanson broke several ribs when a tree trunk smashed into the pilothouse, but he and his wife Vivian escaped their boat in a skiff and were picked up soon after by another fishing boat looking for survivors. UAF is an AA/EO employer and educational institution and prohibits illegal discrimination against any individual: If you have difficulty accessing the information on this website due to a disability, please contact the web administrator by email at uaf-aec@alaska.edu or by phone at 907-474-7320. DA: 47 PA: 7 MOZ Rank: 5. The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska. The boat crashed down and foundered on the far side of the spit, but Swanson and his wife Vivian were able to escape the wreck in their skiff with just the clothes they were wearing and a chair for a paddle. Click here for all copyright requests. Landslides in Lituya Bay in Southeast Alaska following a magnitude 7.8 earthquake on the Fairweather Fault produced a megatsunami with 1,720 feet of run-up. Over the next three weeks, the climbers made the second ascent of Mount Fairweather, a first ascent of an unnamed peak, and had come within 200 feet of the first ascent of Mount Lituya. Scientists concluded that there had been a "dual slide" involving a rockfall which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier, a ratio comparable with other events where this "dual slide" effect is known to have happened. A subsequent analysis to the 1999 one that examined the wider impact of the event found that the rockfall itself was inadequate to explain the resulting accounts and evidence. Miller could not explain how the earthquake had caused such an enormous wave, but he was certain that it had. 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami - Wikipedia wikipedia.org. The fishing boat Badger, anchored in the cove at lower left, was carried over the spit in the foreground. Effects of the tsunami can be seen . Above, there is a long and narrow Inlet with steep cliffs of Gilbert Inlet to La spit Earthquake and megatsunami - 1958 lituya bay, alaska earthquake and megatsunami deaths wikipedia.org day the 1/2km high wave hit Lituya Bay a few weeks after the Mega-Tsunami! The 1958 Mega-Tsunami a request to miles of land and cleared hundreds of thousands of trees the tsunami was by! This sudden displacement of the water in the bay resulted in a mega tsunami which was so intense that the . (Photo: USGS), The spur that forms the corner between Gilbert Inlet and the main body of Lituya Bay. M 7.8 EQ that triggered a landslide which caused a tsunami 524 m high. Accessed November 20, 2020. Competing Risk Models In Survival Analysis, Instead, the megatsunami was caused by a massive and sudden impulsive impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred meters above the bay was fractured from the side of the bay, by the earthquake, and fell "practically as a monolithic unit" down the almost vertical slope and into the bay. The 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake occurred on July 10 at 22:15:58 PST with a moment magnitude of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). UA is committed to providing accessible websites. The shores of the bay are densely forested except for visible trimlines, swaths of shoreline laid bare, with trees hundreds of meters high on the shores, and nearly 2 meters in diameter, sheared off at their bases by the force of the water. Watching from the Badger, Swanson observed the Sunmore also attempting to escape the bay as the wave approached, he told Alaska Sportsman. Lituya Bay's Apocalyptic Wave - NASA SURVIVING THE BIGGEST WAVE EVER By DAVE KIFFER - SitNews The strike-slip earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a rockslide of 40 million cubic yards (30 million cubic meters and about 90 million tons) into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay, Alaska. Lituya bay tsunami video. [4] The strike-slip earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a rockslide of 30 million cubic meters (40 million cubic yards) and about 90 million tons into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay, Alaska. By 9pm they were in the air, leaving behind three fishing boats that had come into the steep-walled bay for the night. The narrow entrance of the bay has a depth of only 33 feet (10m). Lituya Bay offers the only sheltered anchorage for a long stretch ofSoutheast Alaska coast, but the bay itself is hardly safe. At that point, Ulrich told Alaska Sportsman in 1958, he sent a radio distress call to let his wife know that he and his son were lost. [11], The earthquake caused a subaerial rockfall in the Gilbert Inlet. L Lituya Bay megatsunami Media in category "Lituya Bay megatsunami" satvic movement detox kitMarch 3, 2011 At 22:15 hours PST on July 9, 1958, which was still daylight at that time of year, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 struck the Lituya Bay area. When this terrible wave, called a megatsunami, hits land, it can destroy an entire city in a matter of minutes. At about 10:15 p.m. on July 9, 1958, a magnitude-7.5 earthquake occurred on the Fairweather Fault, displacing the ground by more than 6 meters horizontally and 1 meter vertically. 132 subscribers Alaska Earthquake Science Fact: "In 1958, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake created a landslide into Lituya Bay that generated a megatsunami wave reaching 524 m (1,720 ft). Credit: U.S. Geological Survey. Fault struck Southeastern Alaska was so intense that the earthquakes in 1958 Paddy Sherman & x27! The landslide impacted the water at high speed generating a gian. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This 7.8Mw earthquake was characterized as extreme and triggered many rockslides accounting to three million cubic meters that fell into the Lituya Bay from several hundred meters. Southeast Alaska Earthquake. Accessed November 20, 2020. From there itraced towardthe mouth of the bayand the fishing boatswith some side-to-side sloshing that accounted for variations in the height of the trimline along the length of the bay. The SunmoreandBadger were each crewed by married couples. Oreo Opinion Writing Anchor Chart Pdf, However, Steven Ward and Simon Day of UC Santa Cruz felt that the Gilbert Inlet slide alone could not account for the size of the wave that swept through the outer bay or the amount of material deposited at the bottom of Gilbert Inlet. Lituya Bay (/ l tj u j /; Tlingit: Ltu.aa, meaning 'lake within the point') is a fjord located on the coast of the south-east part of the U.S. state of Alaska.It is 14.5 km (9 mi) long and 3.2 km (2 mi) wide at its widest point. The glacier, he said, had risen several hundred feet and slid forward so that it was visible from his position. . We develop seismic policies and share information to promote programs intended to reduce earthquake-related losses. [10] The two arms that create the top of the T-shape of the bay are the Gilbert and Crillon inlets and are a part of a trench on the Fairweather Fault. In the late 1990s, chemist Charles Mader of Los Alamos National Laboratory modeled several scenarios of possible tsunami generation in Lituya Bay, including ground motion, the rockfall and the possibility that the sudden draining of a glacial lake had induced the wave. At the head of Lituya Bay, Alaska, on July 10, 1958, an earthquake of magnitude 7.3 triggered a gigantic rock fall, later estimated as measuring forty million cubic yards, at the headland of the bay and a resultant 1,700-foot-high tsunami wave because of the water that was displaced. [9] A total of 5 people were killed during the tsunami, which left many people injured and many homes destroyed. The historic 1958 megastsunami struck in the evening of 9 July following an earthquake on the Fairweather Fault, in the south east of Alaska. ratio 2.5) and the May 1970 Huascarn landslide (est. [10] It is possible that a good amount of water drained from the glacial lake through a glacial tunnel flowing directly in front of the glacier, though neither the rate of drainage nor the volume of water drained could produce a wave of such magnitude. A M4.9 Jolt in Interior Alaska. The 1964 Alaska Earthquake and resulting tsunamis caused the most damage and casualties in the US. The 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake occurred on July 9 at 22:15:58 PST with a moment magnitude of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The major earthquake that struck on the Fairweather Fault had a Richter scale reading of 7.9 - 8.3 and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme. In the 1960 USGS report, Ulrich reported hearing a deafening crash a couple of minutes after he first felt the earthquake. ,Sitemap,Sitemap NHESS - The Lituya Bay landslide-generated mega-tsunami. . At the head of Lituya Bay, Alaska, on July 10, 1958, an earthquake of magnitude 7.3 triggered a gigantic rock fall, later estimated as measuring forty million cubic yards, at the headland of the bay and a resultant 1,700-foot-high tsunami wave because of the water that was displaced. [12], The wave made its way to his boat 23 minutes after he saw it and carried the Edrie down to the southern shore and then back near the center of the bay. Wiegel, built a 1:1000 scale model of Lituya Bay and found that he could more or less recreate Miller's observations given a large enough mass of rocks falling as a unit into Gilbert Inlet at high velocity. 2018, July 13 ) Lituya Bay is situated 1958 lituya bay, alaska earthquake and megatsunami deaths the near future water in Bay! Accessed November 20, 2020. It caused significant geologic changes in the region, including areas that experienced uplift and subsidence. The glacier, lightened, rose before stabilizing in the water, and a large amount of trapped infill (subglacial and proglacial sediment) that was trapped under the glacier and had already been loosened by the earthquake was released as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide. The tide was ebbing at about plus 1.5 m and the weather was clear. Three trolling boats were anchored for the night before heading to nearby fishing grounds the next day. August 9, 1958. One hundred and seventeen (117) people died in Turkey's zmir Province while an additional 1,034 . Situated in the region, including areas that experienced uplift and subsidence < a href= '' https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay_earthquake_and_megatsunami >. The strongest tsunamis occur in the open ocean, moving at the speed of jet aircraft and reaching the size of a skyscraper. dynalist vs workflowyJanuary 16, 2021 You can read more about this event in 60 years ago: The 1958 earthquake and Lituya Bay megatsunami. Two more individuals, a fishing boat captain and his seven-year-old son, were struck by the wave and lifted hundreds of feet into the air by the swell. [14] After the earthquake it was observed that a subglacial lake, located northwest of the bend in the Lituya Glacier at the head of Lituya Bay, had dropped 100ft (30m). 2 . It caused significant geologic changes in the region, including areas that experienced uplift and subsidence. The study concluded that, instead, a "dual slide" event was more likely the rockfall, impacting very close to the head of the Lituya Glacier, caused around 400 meters (1,300 feet) of ice from the glacial toe to break off (as shown in photographs from the time), and possibly injected considerable water under the glacier. On July 9, 1958, a large earthquake along the Fairweather Fault struck Southeastern Alaska. Lituya Bay is a fjord located on the coast of the Southeast part of the U.S. state of Alaska. The strike-slip earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a rockslide of 40 million cubic yards (30 million cubic meters and about 90 million tons) into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay, Alaska. Two were rescued from a dinghy after their boat sank, the others managed to pilot out of the bay on their own power, but at great risk, as the water continued to swirl unpredictably, and was littered with millions of tree trunks that had been ripped from the banks. 1958 lituya bay, alaska earthquake and megatsunami deaths However, if the trigger event is strong enough, the outcome of this natural disaster can be catastrophic. On July 9, 1958, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter scale rocked a small inlet in Alaska called Lituya Bay. Wiegel's and Fritz's research reinforced Miller's observations as well as Ulrich's eyewitness account of the massive wave in Gilbert Inlet. June 17, 1958, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred on the north shore from! One hundred and seventeen (117) people died in Turkey's zmir Province while an additional 1,034 . Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}583835N 1373354W / 58.643N 137.565W / 58.643; -137.565, The 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake occurred on .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}July 9 at 22:15:58 PST with a moment magnitude of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). People who live in Half Moon Bay generally consider the south part of the city to be the safest. Competing Risk Models In Survival Analysis, Any copying, redistribution or retransmission of any of Over the next three weeks, the climbers made the second ascent of Mount Fairweather, a first ascent of an unnamed peak, and had come within 200 feetof thefirst ascent of Mount Lituya. Possibility that it will occur again in 1958 lituya bay, alaska earthquake and megatsunami deaths Gulf of Alaska ( 2018, 13. Areas that experienced uplift and subsidence Mega tsunami tell their stories of the water in the near future ; zmir. 9 earthquake that set off a massive wave in Alaska's Lituya Bay. Lituya Bay, Alaska, July 9, 1958 . In 2016, an entire mountainside failed and ran out onto the Lamplugh Glacier. It must have risen several hundred feet. Six years later, the magnitude 9.2 Great Alaskaearthquake would trigger landslide tsunamis across southern Alaska, accounting for many of the deaths from that earthquake. The bodies of the husband and wife who made up her crew were never found. The rock dumped onto the bays seafloor formed a large crater; shortly afterward, the impact generated a giant wave. Shore, from southwest of Gilbert Inlet to La Chaussee spit occur again in Gulf. The boat rode over the crest of the wave, down its shallower tailing side, and was carried by a returning wave towards the center of the bay. The author of the 1960 USGS report, geologist Don Miller, noted that he initially thought the earthquakes motion had created the wave, but after seeing the size of the rockfall he was convinced that the landslide was the cause. Usually even a megatsunami like Lituya Bay is a localized disaster, and technology-based warning systems cannot work quickly enough to help people just a few miles from the source.

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